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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD suffer from comorbid disorders, such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients do not respond to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. Neurotransmitters are brain chemicals that regulate and increase levels of certain brain chemicals. The most commonly prescribed stimulants are amphetamine, methylphenidate and similar drugs. Medications Many of the medications used to treat ADHD in children can also be used on adults. However the dosages are different and the drugs may cause side effects that are not common in children. A doctor will take into consideration the medical history of the patient as well as family history and other health conditions to determine what medication is most suitable for him or her. The most popular kind of ADHD medication is stimulant and adjusts levels of two chemical messengers in the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine. The stimulants like methylphenidate (also called Adderall), and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters that help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and decrease aggression. These stimulants are available in a variety of forms, such as liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These long-acting stimulants are favored as they lead to better patient compliance and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbid disorders such as depression or anxiety disorders can affect the response to ADHD medication. Therefore, it is recommended that these disorders be treated first, and then medication utilized as a secondary measure. The medications that can be used for comorbidity disorders include atomoxetine (Bupropion) tricyclic antidepressants as well as bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Some patients may exhibit a “rebound” effect where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medications. In these instances, a brief trial of a lower dose of stimulant medication may be beneficial. Some people are unable take stimulant medications or take it because of the misuse of drugs or other health issues like severe hypertension or heart issues. In these instances, non-stimulant drugs like atomoxetine or viloxazine can be effective. These drugs do not have the same amount of adverse effects as stimulants and carry a a lower risk for misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People suffering from ADHD can benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them learn strategies to improve their lives to manage anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and cope with problems in relationships and at work. It can also assist with co-existing mental illnesses like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy, as well as schema therapy. These treatments are based on the belief that one's beliefs and thoughts influence how they behave, think and feel. CBT helps people recognize negative behavior and thought patterns, then develops and implements strategies to alter these patterns. Meditation techniques are employed in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help someone focus on their emotions and thoughts as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, along with other forms of psychotherapy that focus on the family history of a person could be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can also help with the specific problems caused by ADHD like difficulty staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflicts and being able to get along with others, forgetting important dates or responsibilities as well as impulsive decisions that can lead to financial or legal troubles. It can assist a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help people find healthy ways to cope and reduce stress. For example exercise, sleep improvement, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a partner or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Therapy for families and marriage can help couples and families improve communication and learn to manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on transforming the client's negative thinking patterns. It involves a dialog based on skill with an expert in mental health to address the underlying causes of the symptoms. This therapy aims to help clients overcome limitations and develop coping strategies that are compatible with their daily routines. In addition to educating clients to recognize harmful thoughts, the therapists who specialize in adult ADHD CBT assist them in developing abilities that enable them to replace unhelpful thinking with more productive ones. The process can be long. It is an option for those who cannot feel enough relief from their medication. In treatment for adhd adults , it was found that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone in terms of improving the core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem and social functioning in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke and co. 2017). CBT combined with methylphenidate can be particularly effective for those with more severe underlying problems. Therapists who offer this kind of treatment work with clients to create an action plan to address their specific problems. They usually teach clients a series of practical skills that are easy to implement and have a high chance of success. Charts are often utilized to track progress and to reward positive behavior. In the case of an infant, this could involve a daily report that outlines all of the school tasks or positive behavior they have to perform, as well as a system for recording and earning rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences may be inflicted upon a child who does not complete their task. This can be done in a very sensitive and supportive way. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is a newer form of psychotherapy that helps people change their thinking. This type of treatment can be beneficial for people with a variety of mental health problems which include depression. It's a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps individuals learn to recognize their negative thought patterns and how they affect their moods. This type of therapy helps to develop psychological tools that are flexible and useful. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive capabilities and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To accomplish this, we compared self- and informant-rated deficits in daily functioning to indicators of metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of cognition, debugging, management of information, and evaluation). The results indicated that comprehensive knowledge was linked to daily functioning among adults with ADHD, but not the processes that regulate. The predictors of metacognition had a moderate predictive power, which suggests that they could be the cause of significant variation in the daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying metacognitive beliefs that cause states of worry or rumination as well as attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. One case series has demonstrated the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety disorder, but it's still a relatively new concept and more research is required to determine its efficacy for other disorders. This study was created for evaluating the effectiveness of MCT to reduce symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. However it could be used to treat various disorders and is more effective than any other therapy. This isn't a cure, but can be utilized to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the Therapist works with the entire family. This allows everyone to be aware of the issues facing the client and learn how to support their loved one more effectively. It also helps them deal with their anger and develop more effective communication skills. Additionally, this kind of therapy is helpful in addressing comorbid conditions such as depression or substance misuse which are often seen alongside ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session in order to gain a better understanding of the family's view of the issue and determine their ability to intervene with the family. This can be done in person or online. The therapist will discuss the nature of the treatment with each person and spell out the guidelines and rules of family therapy. A therapist who has experience in treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask lots of questions in order to gain understanding of the client's present symptoms, their history and their impacts on their work and family life as well as relationships. They will also inquire if there are any other mental health issues present like anxiety or depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and transform negative thinking patterns to positive ones. It is focused on improving your self-esteem and self-control by teaching you strategies to manage stress and anger. It is a short-term treatment that can be used in conjunction with other types of psychotherapy. Individual therapy can help people with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that comes from failure and underachievement. It can also help them deal problems with relationships as well as job changes and academic difficulties. It can teach you ways to manage stress and cope and help you manage your time and finances more effectively. It can be used to treat the comorbidities, like anxiety and mood disorders, which are often associated with ADHD.